For years, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been surrounded by myths and misconceptions. Even today, some people still associate it with a lack of discipline, poor upbringing or simply an inability to concentrate. However, scientific evidence points to a very different reality: ADHD is a neurobiological condition that affects brain function and the way in which attention, impulses and thought processes are managed.
Is ADHD a behavioural problem? The main myths
One of the most common misconceptions is to think that children or teenagers with ADHD behave in a certain way because they do not try hard enough or because they lack discipline. Scientific evidence confirms that this is a problem that goes beyond what might be perceived as ‘difficult’ behaviour or a matter of willpower.
Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in ADHD. For this reason, understanding the condition from a scientific perspective is essential to prevent stigma and promote a better understanding of those affected by it.
What are the causes of ADHD? The role of the brain and neurobiology
The brain continues to develop into adulthood. Long-term research involving people with ADHD has shown that their neurodevelopment progresses at a different pace.
Studies have identified differences in brain regions involved in such important functions as:
- Attention.
- Impulse control.
- Emotional regulation.
Differences in these functions are thought to be modulated by changes in dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission.
Symptoms of ADHD: inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity
ADHD does not affect everyone in the same way. However, the symptoms are usually categorised into three main areas: attention deficit, impulsivity and hyperactivity.
Attention deficit: when it’s hard to stay focused
Inattention involves difficulties in maintaining sustained concentration, particularly when carrying out lengthy or less motivating tasks.
Some common signs, which should always be assessed in context taking into account the person’s age and intellectual ability, are as follows:
- Frequent distraction caused by noise or even the slightest external stimuli.
- Difficulties finishing homework or assignments.
- Recurring loss of personal belongings.
- Difficulties with organisation and planning in schoolwork or in everyday life.
One characteristic that some families describe is that people with ADHD may be able to concentrate well on activities that particularly interest them, but, conversely, find it much more difficult to maintain their attention on tasks that require sustained effort.
Impulsiveness: acting before thinking
Impulsivity occurs when it is difficult to hold back a response or to assess the consequences before acting.
Some examples of common behaviours are:
- Answering before the question is finished.
- Interrupting conversations or activities.
- Finding it difficult to wait their turn.
- Making impulsive decisions.
Hyperactivity: more than just “not being able to sit still”
Hyperactivity is often understood simply as excessive movement, but it is a more complex phenomenon that can present differently depending on a patient’s age and individual characteristics. It can manifest itself as a constant need to be doing something or as a persistent feeling of inner restlessness.
The most common symptoms include:
- A need to move one’s hands or feet, or an inability to sit still for long periods.
- Talking too much or too quickly.
- A constant feeling of being ‘on the go’.
- A tendency to switch from one activity to another before finishing it, or to start several tasks at once.
ADHD in adults: symptoms beyond childhood
Another widespread myth is that ADHD is a diagnosis exclusive to childhood. The reality is that many people continue to experience symptoms into adulthood, although these may take different forms to those observed during childhood.
Visible hyperactivity, for example, often manifests as an internal feeling of restlessness, while difficulties with organisation, planning and time management, as well as impulsivity, can continue to affect daily life, work or social relationships.
Distinguishing ADHD from a fast-paced lifestyle
In a world of hyperconnectivity, stress and information overload, it is normal to experience moments of distraction or difficulty concentrating. But this does not necessarily mean that someone has ADHD.
It is advisable to consult a specialist in the following cases:
- Attention difficulties, hyperactivity or impulsivity that begin in childhood and are more severe than would be expected for the individual’s age or intellectual ability. The symptoms interfere with academic or work performance.
- The symptoms affect social or family relationships.
Understanding ADHD to reduce stigma and improve symptoms
We are gaining an ever-better understanding of what ADHD is and which brain mechanisms are involved. Far from being a lack of willpower, discipline or a behavioural problem, it is a condition linked to changes in neurodevelopment that requires an adequate assessment. When it leads to problems at school or affects social and family relationships, an individualised approach is needed. It has been observed that receiving appropriate assessment or treatment during childhood can help prevent the development of other behavioural or mood disorders in the future.
Dispelling myths is essential to promoting early diagnosis, reducing stigma and ensuring that people with ADHD receive the support and treatment they need to fulfil their potential in their academic, professional, family and social lives.
INFORMATION DOCUMENTED BY:
Dr. Gisela Sugranyes and Dr. Inmaculada Baeza, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital Clínic Barcelona.
