Symptoms of Addictive Disorders

Compelling need to use. A person may experience an intense, persistent desire to consume the addictive substance, also known as a craving. This need can be triggered by factors such as stress or exposure to the substance. 

Difficulty controlling use. A person may find it difficult to control substance use, leading to excessive consumption, despite negative consequences in personal, work and social life. This lack of control may also be manifested in failed attempts to discontinue use or reduce the amount taken. 

Use of other addictive substances. To increase the desired effect, a person may resort to using various substances; this increases the risk of dangerous interactions and can aggravate health problems. 

Rebound effect. After using a substance to relieve certain symptoms, such as anxiety, the person may feel worse once the effect wears off, which can lead to further use. 

Tolerance. Over time, the body needs greater amounts of the substance to achieve the same effect; this is known as tolerance. It can lead to a progressive increase in use and a higher risk of overdose. 

Withdrawal. Unpleasant physical or emotional symptoms - such as anxiety, irritability, insomnia or depression - may appear when reducing or discontinuing use. These symptoms disappear when the substance is taken again. 

Changes in behaviour. Both using the substance and being without it can lead to changes in behaviour, such as aggression, apathy, hallucinations and delusions; these negatively affect personal relationships, as well as work or academic performance. 

Intoxication. Excessive consumption can impair psychological and behavioural functioning and, in severe cases, lead to serious complications, such as coma or death. Chronic intoxication, caused by regular, excessive use over a prolonged period, can lead to digestive, neurological and cardiovascular disorders, among others. 

Changes in the brain. Addiction can alter a person's opinions, attitudes and motivations, leading them to underestimate the risks of use. These changes can be long-lasting and affect decision-making and self-control. 

Change of priorities. The person may abandon important, pleasant activities, such as spending time with the family, to focus on substance use. This change can lead to social isolation and the breakdown of important relationships. 

Relapse. Even after long periods of abstinence, a person may relapse, sometimes with less control than before. Relapses are common in the recovery process and do not represent failure.