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Causes of self-harm

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There is no single explanation for why people self-harm. NSSI is generally seen as a way of coping that can serve different purposes:

Social function. Self-harm may also be used to communicate distress to others or influence their behaviour in some way. This can include the so-called attention-seeking acts, exploratory play, imitation of peers, or even attempts to belong to a group. Social media and early access to smartphones have contributed to a rise in self-harm among younger adolescents.

Emotional regulation. This is the most common function and often occurs automatically. Self-harm can create a sense of relief by helping to regulate overwhelming emotions such as anger, anxiety or frustration; therefore, it may sometimes act as a 'quick solution' to stop feeling distressed. However, relief is temporary, and when unpleasant feelings return, the behaviour may be repeated.

The need to “feel something”. Some people self-harm when feeling dissociation or emptiness. This often leads to feelings of guilt and shame afterwards, creating a cycle that is hard to break without professional support.

NSSI is a complex phenomenon because, although it presents the same outcome and behavioural expression (self-injury), its etiology is highly varied. Most people have more than one reason for self-harming, and these may change over time.