Frequently asked questions about Helicobacter pylori infection

It is a bacterium that can colonise the stomach and cause chronic inflammation. Although most infected people are asymptomatic, in some cases, the infection can cause gastritis, ulcers or increase the risk of gastric cancer.

The infection is usually acquired during childhood, often through contact with other people or within the family environment. It is not linked to any specific behaviour or to poor personal hygiene.

In most clinical situations, yes, particularly if there are symptoms, ulcers or associated risk factors. A healthcare professional will assess each case individually in accordance with medical guidelines.

The treatment involves a combination of antibiotics and medication to reduce stomach acid for a few days. Treatment regimens can be complex, but adherence is essential to increase the chances of eradicating the bacterium.

Some people may experience diarrhoea, changes in taste, a change in stool colour or temporary digestive discomfort. These effects are usually mild and disappear once treatment is completed.

After treatment, a follow-up test is carried out—usually a breath test or a stool antigen test—to confirm that the infection has been completely eradicated.

In some cases, the bacterium may be resistant to certain antibiotics. If the initial treatment is not effective, there are alternative options (different antibiotic combinations) that usually lead to eradication.

Reinfection in adults is rare following appropriate treatment. It is much more common in children than in adults.

No. There is no scientific evidence that any diet or food can eliminate Helicobacter pylori. Only antibiotic treatment can eradicate the infection.

Chronic infection may increase the risk of gastric cancer in some people, but the overall risk is very low. Eradicating the bacterium reduces this risk.

No. In many cases, non-invasive tests can be used. Endoscopy is reserved for cases with warning symptoms or specific clinical situations.

Generally speaking, no; it is an infection with a good prognosis. Most people recover completely with treatment.