Causes of Back Pain
There are many possible causes of back pain, including:
Muscle strains. Poor posture, lifting heavy objects or sudden awkward movements may overstretch or tear the muscles in the back.
Problems with the intervertebral discs. Discs act as cushions between the vertebrae. Over time, they can wear down, bulge or herniate, causing pain and pressure on the nerves, which may result in pain radiating to the arms or legs.
Arthritis. Osteoarthritis and other types of arthritis can affect the joints of the spine, causing stiffness and discomfort.
Spinal stenosis. This is the narrowing of the spinal canal, which can compress the nerves and lead to pain, weakness, and numbness in the back and limbs.
Scoliosis and other spinal deformities. Abnormal curvature of the spine can place uneven strain on certain areas, resulting in chronic pain.
Injuries or trauma. Falls, accidents or direct blows can damage the spine, muscles or ligaments, leading to acute pain.
Risk factors of Back Pain
Risk factors for back pain can be either avoidable or unavoidable. Where possible, avoidable risk factors should be reduced.
Unavoidable risk factors
Age. As people get older, spinal structures such as discs and joints naturally wear down, increasing the likelihood of back pain.
Genetics. A family history of spinal problems may increase the risk of developing back pain.
Medical conditions. Disorders such as fibromyalgia, osteoporosis, arthritis, infections, tumours or neurological conditions may contribute to back pain.
Psychological conditions. Depression and anxiety are strongly linked with chronic back pain, as they can affect pain perception and increase muscle tension.
Pregnancy. Weight gain and hormonal changes during pregnancy can put extra strain on the back, particularly in the lumbar region.
Avoidable risk factors
Lack of exercise. A sedentary lifestyle weakens the core and back muscles, making lumbar pain more likely.
Excess weight. Carrying extra body weight puts additional strain on the spine, which can result in pain, particularly in the lower back.
Poor posture. Slouching or sitting improperly for long periods strains the muscles and ligaments of the back.
Lifting objects incorrectly. Lifting heavy objects without bending the knees and keeping the back straight increases the risk of disc and muscle injuries.
Stress. Emotional stress often causes muscle tension, a frequent trigger for cervical, occipital and lumbar pain.
Smoking. Tobacco reduces blood flow to the spinal discs, increasing the risk of degeneration and chronic pain.
Physically demanding or high-impact work. Jobs that involve lifting heavy items, repetitive movements or prolonged standing increase the likelihood of lower back pain.
Unsuitable footwear. Wearing inappropriate shoes, such as high heels or unsupportive flat shoes, can affect spinal alignment and trigger back pain.
Substantiated information by:
Published: 23 October 2019
Updated: 10 October 2025
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