Treatment of Pneumonia

Antibiotic treatment should be started as soon as possible. The following factors are taken into account when selecting a treatment: severity of the pneumonia; most probable cause (based on clinical, epidemiological and radiological data); and the antibiotic resistance of the microorganisms most commonly found in our environment a microorganism is said to be resistant to an antibiotic when the drug is unable to eliminate it because it can survive its antimicrobial effect). If the microorganism that caused the pneumonia is detected, antibiotic treatment should be reviewed and adjusted.

The aim of antibiotic therapy is to destroy the bacteria causing the infection or stop it from multiplying. It is important that patients finish the full course of antibiotic treatment to prevent the appearance of antibiotic resistance. If patients interrupt antibiotic therapy before the end of the course they run the risk that the pneumonia-causing bacteria will start growing and multiplying again; this could lead to an even more severe infection.

There are essentially three different antibiotic treatment scenarios:

• Outpatient treatment (mild communityacquired pneumonia, CAP). This group of patients are usually treated with the following types of antibiotic: fluoroquinolones (moxifloxacin or levofloxacin), betalactam (from the penicillin group) or macrolide (azithromycin or clarithromycin).

• Inpatient treatment. If the treatment is taken orally: moxifloxacin, levofloxacin monotheapy or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (from the penicillin group), coadministered with a macrolide. In the case of intravenous treatment: cephalosporin (ceftriaxone) or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, both co-administered with a macrolide, or levofloxacin monotherapy.

• Treatment in the ICU (severe CAP). The recommended treatment is a cephalosporin (ceftriaxone or ceftaroline) in combination with levofloxacin or a macrolide.

It is essential to start antibiotic treatment early in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP); it should be administered within less than 4 hours of the diagnosis in order to achieve a clinically proven reduction in morbidity and mortality rates, as well as a reduction in the length of the hospital stay.

Adults with CAP are categorised into groups depending on the degree of risk of developing complications, i.e., in function of the severity of their prognostic factors.

This risk is classified using severity scales, the most popular being the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI). The PSI assesses 20 variables and separates patients into 5 groups. Each group of patients with CAP basically has a different aetiology and therefore requires a different treatment.